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Cryobot
Autonomous ice penetrator vehicle

A cryobot or Philberth-probe is a robot that can penetrate water ice. A cryobot uses heat to melt the ice, and gravity to sink downward.

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Features and technology

The cryobot is a surface-controlled instrumented vehicle desired to penetrate polar ice sheets down to 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) by melting. If built, it would likely measure temperature, stress, ice movement, and seismic, acoustic and dielectric properties. Such concept could also be used for other investigations with remote instrumentation. The general concept uses a hot point for melt penetration, instrumentation for control and measurement functions, supply conductor coils to link the probe with the surface for transmission of power and measurement signals.

History

The cryobot was invented by German physicist Karl Philberth, who first demonstrated it in the 1960s as part of the International Glaciological Greenland Expedition (EGIG), achieving drilling depths in excess of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). In 1973 British scientists in Antarctica performed airborne ice-penetrating radar survey and detected a possible lake.1 In 1991, the European remote sensing satellite ERS-1 confirmed the 1973 discovery of a large lake below four kilometers of ice, now named Lake Vostok.2 The lake, which is the fifth largest freshwater lake in the world, is thought to be uncontaminated. In 2002 NASA was planning to use a cryobot to explore the lake,34 but the project did not happen.

In 2011, NASA awarded Stone Aerospace $4 million to fund the Phase 2 of project VALKYRIE (Very-Deep Autonomous Laser-Powered Kilowatt-Class Yo-Yoing Robotic Ice Explorer).5 This project aims to create an autonomous cryobot capable of melting through vast amounts of ice.6 The probe's power source differs from many other designs in that it does not rely on nuclear power to generate heat, but rather the power of a high energy laser fed to it through a fiber optic cable.7 This is beneficial because nuclear probes are not allowed for testing in Antarctica as a result of the Antarctic Treaty.8[failed verification – see discussion] Phase 2 of project VALKYRIE consisted of testing a scaled-down version of the cryobot in Matanuska Glacier, Alaska in 2015.9 Following the success of these missions, Phase 3 of the project is then used a full-scale version of the cryobot to melt its way to a subglacial lake, collect samples, and then resurface.1011 It featured a radar on the probe,1213 integrated to an intelligent algorithm for autonomous scientific sampling and navigation.14 The test was performed in 2017 on a probe called "Archimedes".15

Stone Aerospace integrated their ARTEMIS submersible with the VALKYRIE laser technology to develop a sophisticated cryobot called SPINDLE (Sub-glacial Polar Ice Navigation, Descent, and Lake Exploration).1617 This third phase of the project would be viewed as a precursor to possible future missions to the icy moons of Europa, a moon of Jupiter, and Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, to explore the liquid water oceans thought to be present below their ice, and assess their potential habitability.181920

See also

References

  1. Oswald, G. K. A.; Robin, G. de Q. (1973). "Lakes beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Nature. 245 (5423): 251–254. Bibcode:1973Natur.245..251O. doi:10.1038/245251a0. S2CID 4271414. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  2. Morton, Oliver. "Ice Station Vostok". Wired. Retrieved 2011-01-31. https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/vostok_pr.html ↩

  3. Susan Reichley. "2002 News Releases - Ice Explorer Conceived for Other World Gets Arctic Test". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2011-02-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20150905153042/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2002/release_2002_6.html ↩

  4. Robot to Explore Buried Ice Lake[usurped] https://web.archive.org/web/20100918110330/http://www.antarcticconnection.com/antarctic/news/2005-2/052305westantarctic.shtml ↩

  5. VALKYRIE: Phase 2[dead link]. Astrobiology at NASA. https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/astep/projects/nra/nnh11zda001n-astep/valkyrie-phase-2/ ↩

  6. "Stone Aerospace - Smart Tools, Systems, and Vehicles for Exploring and Commercializing the Frontier". stoneaerospace.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. https://archive.today/20130203022858/http://www.stoneaerospace.com/news-/news-valkyrie-phase-two-funded.php ↩

  7. "VALKYRIE: Phase 2" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094535/http://panstanislaw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/NASA-Letter-to-Piotr-Glowacki.pdf ↩

  8. "Cryobots Could Drill Into Icy Moons With Remote Fiber-Optic Laser Power". Wired. April 19, 2012. https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/04/bill-stone-laser-powered-europa-rover/ ↩

  9. Tunneling Cryobot Robot May Explore Icy Moons, Keith Cooper, Astrobiology Magazine, June 13, 2015. http://www.space.com/29644-cryobot-tunneling-robot-explore-icy-moons.html ↩

  10. "Stone Aerospace - Smart Tools, Systems, and Vehicles for Exploring and Commercializing the Frontier". stoneaerospace.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. https://archive.today/20130203022858/http://www.stoneaerospace.com/news-/news-valkyrie-phase-two-funded.php ↩

  11. Tunneling Cryobot Robot May Explore Icy Moons, Keith Cooper, Astrobiology Magazine, June 13, 2015. http://www.space.com/29644-cryobot-tunneling-robot-explore-icy-moons.html ↩

  12. Voyage to the bottom of an alien sea. Michael Carroll, Astronomy. 5 September 2018. http://astronomy.com/news/magazine/2018/09/voyage-to-the-bottome-of-an-alien-sea ↩

  13. DESIGN OF A FORWARD LOOKING SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR FOR AN AUTONOMOUS CRYOBOT FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION OF EUROPA. (PDF). Omkar Pradhan, Srikumar Sandeep, Albin J. Gasiewski, and William Stone. 2017. http://www.ursi.org/proceedings/procGA17/papers/Paper_F39-3(2499).pdf ↩

  14. An intelligent algorithm for autonomous scientific sampling with the VALKYRIE cryobot. Evan B. Clark, Nathan E. Bramall, Brent Christner, Chris Flesher, et al. International Journal of Astrobiology 25 September 2017. doi:10.1017/S1473550417000313 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/an-intelligent-algorithm-for-autonomous-scientific-sampling-with-the-valkyrie-cryobot/FC28DCA6D4CC8E2F3A2803984C269C5A ↩

  15. Voyage to the bottom of an alien sea. Michael Carroll, Astronomy. 5 September 2018. http://astronomy.com/news/magazine/2018/09/voyage-to-the-bottome-of-an-alien-sea ↩

  16. An Alien-Hunting Submarine Is Being Tested in Antarctica. Daniel Oberhaus, Motherboard. 7 May 2017. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/jpym5x/alien-hunting-sub-europa-artemis-stone-aerospace ↩

  17. Testing the Space-Bound Submarines That Will Explore Alien Oceans. Jay Bennett, Popular Mechanics. 24 July 2015. http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a16591/tunneling-into-the-solar-systems-subsurface-oceans-to-search-for-life/ ↩

  18. Cardell, G; Hecht, M H; Carsey, F D; Engelhardt, H (2004). "THE SUBSURFACE ICE PROBE (SIPR): A LOW-POWER THERMAL PROBE FOR THE MARTIAN POLAR LAYERED DEPOSITS" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV. Retrieved 13 October 2018. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/2041.pdf#search=%22philberth%20deepest%20ice%20drilling%22 ↩

  19. "searching for ice". ictp.trieste.it. Archived from the original on 2006-10-10. Retrieved 2006-10-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20061010235434/http://www.ictp.trieste.it/%7Echelaf/searching_for_ice.html ↩

  20. "searching for ice". Time. March 23, 2012. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120323191522/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2109837,00.html ↩